Amandla elanga loluphi na uhlobo lwamandla olwenziwe lilanga.

Amandla elanga adalwe yi-nylear fusion eyenzeka elangeni. I-Fusion yenzeka xa iiproteni ze-hydrogen gody gody gody gody gody godi gody kunye ne-fuse yokudala i-atom ye-helium.

Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-PP (iProton-Proton) yokuphendula, ikhupha amandla amakhulu. Kwinkangeleko yayo, ilanga fuse malunga ne-620 yezigidi zeetoni ze-hydrogen qho. Impendulo ye-PP ye-PP yenzeka kwezinye iinkwenkwezi ezimalunga nobungakanani belanga lethu, kwaye ibabonelele ngamandla nobushushu obuqhubekayo. Iqondo lobushushu lezi nkwenkwezi lijikeleze i-4 yezigidi zeedigri kwi-kelvin yesikali (malunga ne-4 yezigidi i-7 yezigidi i-scpisis, izigidi ezisi-7.

Kwiinkwenkwezi ezimalunga ne-1.3 amaxesha amakhulu kunelanga, umjikelo we-CO uphefumla amandla amandla. Umjikelo we-CO ugcina i-Hydrogen kwi-Heldrogen, kodwa ixhomekeke kwikharbon, i-nitrogen, neoksijini (c, n, kunye o) ukwenza njalo. Okwangoku, ingaphantsi kweepesenti ezimbini zamandla elanga ezenziwa ngumjikelo we-CO.

I-nuclear fusion yindlela yokuphendula ye-PP okanye i-CNom ikhuphe isixa esikhulu samandla kwifom yamaza kunye namasuntswana. Amandla elanga ahlala ehambahamba elanga ilanga nakwinkqubo yelanga. I-solar yamandla ashushu emhlabeni, unobangela womoya kunye nemozulu, kwaye ugcine isityalo kunye nobomi bezilwanyana.

Amandla, ubushushu, kunye nokukhanya ukusuka kwilanga kuyahamba ngendlela ye-elektromagnec radiation (EMR).

I-Electromagnetic Spectrum ikhona njengamaza eendlela ezahlukeneyo zezandi kunye namaza. I-frequency ye-wave imele ukuba zingaphi amaxesha amaza aphindaphindayo kwiyunithi ethile yexesha. Amaza anamaza amfutshane kakhulu amazaqango aphindaphinda izihlandlo kwiyunithi enikiweyo, ngoko ke basebenza rhoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo, amaza ahamba ngamaxesha aphantsi anamaza amade amaninzi.

Uninzi lwamaza e-elektromagnetic akabonakali kuthi. Owona maxesha aphezulu aphezulu akhutshwa liLanga ngamasebe e-gamma, i-x-rays, kunye ne-ultraviolet rays (i-UV Rys). Ezona rays ziyingozi kakhulu ziphantse zangenelwa ngokupheleleyo emhlabeni. I-AV encinci idlule kwi-rays ehamba phambili, kwaye inokubangela ilanga.

Ilanga likwakhupha imitha ye-inrance, amaza ayo aphantsi kakhulu. Ubushushu obuninzi ukusuka elangeni lufika njengoko i-infrared yamandla.

I-SANDWEDD phakathi kwe-infrared kwaye i-UV yindawo ebonakalayo, equlethe yonke imibala esiyibona emhlabeni. Umbala obomvu une-wavelength ende (kufutshane ne-infrared), kunye ne-violet (ikufutshane kwi-UV) eyona mfutshane.

Amandla elanga lendalo

Ifuthe lamaqondo obushushu abanjwe lungcoliseko
I-infrared, i-wale ebonakalayo, kunye ne-UV efikelela emhlabeni ithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokufudumeza iplanethi kwaye sibe nefuthe lelondolozwe. "

Malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zamandla elanga afikelela emhlabeni ibonakaliswa emva kwendawo. Okuseleyo kungeniswa kwimozulu yomhlaba. Imitha ifudumeza umhlaba, kwaye umphezulu uvutha amanye amandla abuyiselwe kwifom yamaza e-infrared. Njengoko benyuka ngendlela ehambahambayo, bathathelwe ingqalelo ziigesi zeGreenhouse, njengomphunga wamanzi kunye nekharbon diokside.

Igesi eluhlaza iGreenhouse ibambisa ubushushu obubonisa ubuye kwimozulu. Ngale ndlela, basebenza njengodonga lweglasi yendawo eluhlaza. Esi siphumo seGreenhousehouse Histi gcina umhlaba ufudumele ngokwaneleyo ukondla ubomi.

Ifotosinthesis
Phantse bonke ubomi emhlabeni baxhomekeke kumandla elanga ngokutya, nokuba ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo.

Abavelisi baxhomekeke ngqo kumandla elanga. Bafumana ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye baguqule babe nezakha-mzimba ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yifotosinthes. Abavelisi, nabo babizwa ngokuba yi-AIITOOTROPHs, baquka izityalo, i-algae, intsholongwane, kunye nefungi. I-Autotrophs sisiseko seWebhu yokutya.

Abathengi baxhomekeke kubavelisi bezondlo. I-Herbivores, i-carnivores, i-omnivores, kunye ne-pirivores ixhomekeke kwi-solar yamandla eSolar ngokungathanga ngqo. I-Herbivores itya izityalo kunye nabanye abavelisi. I-carnivores and omnivores itya zombini abavelisi kunye ne-herbivores. I-deftores iphosa isityalo kunye nomcimbi wesilwanyana ngokuthatha oko.

Ifosili yeefuweli
Ifotosinthesis ikwanoxanduva lwazo zonke iifosili zomhlaba emhlabeni. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba malunga neebhiliyoni ezintathu kwiminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo, i-ariotrophs yokuqala ivele kuseto lwe-Aquatic. Ukukhanya kwelanga kwavunyelwa ukuba isityalo sobomi bokukhula ukuze siphumelele kwaye sivele. Emva kokuba i-Autotrophs iswelekile, bayaphoswa kwaye batshintsha nzulu emhlabeni, ngamanye amaxesha amawaka eemitha. Le nkqubo yaqhubeka nezigidi zeminyaka.

Phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nobushushu obuphakamileyo, ezi zinto zisaziwa njengento esiyaziyo njengefosilil fuels. I-microorganism yaba yipetroleum, igesi yendalo, kunye namalahle.

Abantu baphuhlise iinkqubo zokukhupha ezi fuels zefosili kwaye uzisebenzise amandla. Nangona kunjalo, i-fossil fuels sisiBonelelo esingakwaziyo. Bathatha izigidi zeminyaka ukuba benze.

Ukuchitha amandla elanga

Amandla elanga sisixhobo esihlaziyiweyo, kwaye uninzi lweetekhnoloji zinokuvuna ngokuthe ngqo ukuze zisetyenziswe kumakhaya, amashishini, izikolo nasezibhedlele. Ezinye iitekhnoloji zamandla eSolar zibandakanya iiseli zefoto kunye neephaneli, amandla elanga eligxininisayo, kunye noyilo lwelanga.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka i-solar yemitha yesola kunye nokuyiguqula amandla anokusetyenzwa. Iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla asebenzayo yelanga okanye amandla elanga elihamba ngelanga.

Itekhnoloji ye-WOR esebenzayo Sebenzisa izixhobo zombane okanye izixhobo zokuguqula amandla anamandla kwifom yamandla, uninzi lobushushu okanye umbane. Itekhnoloji ye-SOLL ye-SOR ayisebenzisi izixhobo zangaphandle. Endaweni yoko, basebenzisa ithuba lemozulu yendawo ukuya kwizakhiwo zobusika ngexesha lasebusika, kwaye babonakalise ubushushu ehlotyeni.

Iifotovoltaics

Iifotovoltaics yindlela yetekhnoloji yesobane efunyenwe ngo-1839 ngo-19 oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala uFrentshi alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. I-Becquerel yafumanisa ukuba xa wabeka isilivere-chloride kwisisombululo se-acidic kwaye wayityhilela ukukhanya kwelanga, iPlatinam Electrodes eqhotyoshelwe kuyo ivelise umbane wangoku. Le nkqubo yokuvelisa umbane ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Solar ye-Solar ibizwa ngokuba yifotovoltaic, okanye iifotovoltaics.

Namhlanje, iifotovoltaics yeyona yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokudibanisa amandla elanga. I-Photovvoltaic creys idla ngokubandakanya iiphaneli ze-solar, ingqokelela yamakhulu okanye amakhulu eeseli zeeseli zelanga.

Iseli nganye yelanga iqulethe i-semicondcuctor, idla ngokwenziwa sisilicon. Xa i-semiconductor ifumana ukukhanya kwelanga, inkqonkqoza i-elektroniki ikhululiwe. Intsimi yombane iyalela ezi ze-eletroni ezikhululekileyo zibe ngumbane wangoku, ezihamba kwicala elinye. Abafowunelwa besinyithi phezulu kunye nezantsi kweseli yelanga ngqo kwinto yangaphandle. Into yangaphandle inokuba mncinci njenge-solar-ye-solar-ye-solar-olwesi okanye inkulu njengesikhululo samandla.

Iifotovoltaics zaqala zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-spacecraft. Uninzi lwesatellite, kubandakanya isikhululo sendawo yehlabathi (i-ISS), ibonisa amaphiko obubanzi, abonakalise amaphiko "ngeephaneli zelanga. I-ISS inamaphiko amabini elanga (i-SAWW), nganye isebenzisa malunga neeseli zelanga ezingama-33,000 zesolar. Ezi ncwadi zefotovoltaic zibonelela wonke umbane kwi-ISS, ukuvumela oosomajukujuku ukuba basebenzise isikhululo, bahlala ngokukhuselekileyo kwisithuba seenyanga ngexesha, kwaye besenza uvavanyo lwezenzululwazi nobunjineli.

Izikhululo zamandla e-Potovoltaic zakhiwe kwihlabathi liphela. Ezona zikhululo zikhulu zikwi-United States, iIndiya, nase China. Ezi zikhululo zamandla zikhupha amakhulukhulu eemitha zombane, ezisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amakhaya, amashishini, izikolo nasezibhedlele.

Itekhnoloji yePhotovoltaic inokuthi ifakwe kumgangatho omncinci. Iiphaneli zesola kunye neeseli zinokulungiswa eluphahleni okanye kwiindonga ezingaphandle zezakhiwo, zibonelela ngombane kwisakhiwo. Zinokubekwa kwiindlela zokukhanya kweendlela zokukhanya. Iiseli zelanga zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zinamandla nezixhobo ezincinci, ezinjengamanqatha, iimitha zokupaka, ukulandela inkunkuma, kunye neempompo zamanzi.

Amandla aMandla eSholar

Olunye uhlobo lwetekhnoloji ye-SOAR eSebenzayo liyi-solar yelanga okanye i-solar egxile kwi-solar (CSP). Itekhnoloji ye-CSP isebenzisa iilensi kunye nezibuko ukugxila (gxininisa) ukukhanya kwelanga kwindawo enkulu. Le ndawo inamandla yemitha yokuvala i-fluid, eyokuvelisa umbane okanye ifune enye inkqubo.

Iziko le-solar ngumzekelo wamandla apheleleyo eSholar. Zininzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zethole zeSolar, kubandakanya iitora zamandla elanga, imikhombe ye-parakoli, kunye nezibonakaliso zeFRESS. Basebenzisa indlela eqhelekileyo ngokubanzi yokufaka kunye nokuguqula amandla.

I-solar yamandla elanga isebenzisa i-heliostats, iflethi ezibuthathaka ezijika ukuba zilandele i-arc yelanga esibhakabhakeni. Izibuko zilungiselelwe i-"inqaba ephakathi", kwaye ibonakalisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwi-ray egxile yokukhanya ekhanyayo kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo.

Kuyilo lwangaphambili lwe-Tower yamandla eSolar, isibane esiguquliweyo esifunga isitya samanzi, esivelise i-steam exhotyiswa iturbine. Kutshanje, amanye amabakala eSolar asebenzisa i-sodium engamanzi, enomgangatho ophezulu wobushushu kwaye igcina ubushushu ixesha elide. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwelo alupheleli ngamaqondo obushushu angama-773 ukuya kwi-1,273k (500 ° ukuya kwi-1 000 ° 2 ° 2 ° 2), kodwa inokuqhubeka nokubila amanzi kwaye ivelise amandla nokuba ilanga lingakhanyisi.

Imikhombe ye-parabolic kunye nezibonakaliso ze-FRESS zisebenzisa i-CSP, kodwa izibuko zazo zenziwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Izibuko zeParabolic zitshintshwa, kunye nesimo esifanayo nesddle. I-FRESSINGUDS isebenzisa iflethi, imitya emincinci yesipili ukufaka ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye ikhokele kwityhubhu yolwelo. I-FRESSELDSELDSELDSELDAY inabakhuseli-ntshontsho ngaphezu kwemikhombe yeparakoli kwaye inokugxila kumandla elanga ukuya kumalunga nama-30 amaxesha ayo okuqhelekileyo.

Izityalo zamandla ombane eziguqukayo zaza zaphuhliswa okokuqala ngo-1980. Elona nani likhulu kwihlabathi luthotho lwezityalo kwiNtlango ye-MOJAVE kwi-US Staltion yeCalifornia. Le nkqubo yokuvelisa amandla elanga (i-SGG) ivelisa ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-650 ze-gigawatt zombane minyaka le. Ezinye izityalo ezinkulu nezisebenzayo zenziwe eSpain naseIndiya.

Amandla apheleleyo elanga anokusetyenziswa kwinqanaba elincinci. Kungakwazi ukuvelisa ubushushu beendawo zesolar, umzekelo. Abantu kwiilali zonke kwihlabathi liphela basebenzisa abaphulaphuli beSolar ukuba babilise amanzi ukuze bapheke kucoceko kwaye bapheke ukutya.

Abaphandayo bolar banika izibonelelo ezininzi ngaphezulu kwezitovu ezivuthayo: Ayisiyongozi yomlilo, musa ukuvelisa umsi, ungafuni ukutshayeza, kwaye unganciphisi ilahleko kwi-oyile. Abapheli boRolar bavumela abantu belali ukuba benze ixesha lemfundo, ishishini, impilo, okanye usapho ngexesha elalisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela iinkuni. Abaphakekilanga bolar basetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinjengahlukileyo njenge-jad, uSirayeli, eIndiya nasePeru.

Indawo yoyilo yelanga

Kuzo zonke iindlela zosuku, amandla elanga yinxalenye yenkqubo yenkokeli ye-thermal, okanye ukuhamba kobushushu kwindawo efudumeleyo. Xa ilanga liphuma, iqala kwizinto ezifudumeleyo emhlabeni. Imini yonke, ezi zixhobo zifumana ubushushu kwi-solar yelanga. Ebusuku, xa ilanga litshona kwaye i-datmolre ipholile, izixhobo zokutshiswa kwabo ubushushu bawo zibuyele emzimbeni.

Iindlela zokuhamba kwamandla eSolar zisebenzisa ithuba lenkqubo yokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa.

Amakhaya kunye nezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa amandla angenasila elanga ukuhambisa ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kungalindelekanga. Ukubala "ubunzima bomsindo wesakhiwo" ngumzekelo woku. Ubuninzi be-thermal yesakhiwo sisininzi sezinto ezifudumeleyo imini yonke. Imizekelo yesakhiwo se-thermal shushu yimithi, inyibilithi, ikhonkrithi, udongwe, ilitye, okanye udaka. Ebusuku, ubunzima be-shirmal bukhuphe ubushushu bayo bubuyele egumbini. Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokungena komoya, iindlela, iiwindows, kunye ne-ducts ze-ducts-zasasaza umoya oshushu kwaye ugcine ubushushu, obuguqukayo.

Itekhnoloji ye-SORAL yelanga ihlala ibandakanyeka kuyilo lwesakhiwo. Umzekelo, kwinqanaba lokucwangciswa kolwakhiwo, injineli okanye uyilo lunokulungelelanisa isakhiwo kunye nendlela yemihla ngemihla yelanga ukuze ufumane izixa ezinqwenelekayo. Le ndlela ithathela ingqalelo i-labetude, iqhinga, kunye nekhava yelifu lendawo ethile. Ukongeza, izakhiwo zinokwakhiwa okanye zibuyiselwe ukuba zifakwe i-inshonter eshushu, ubunzima be-thermal, okanye ukuntywila okuthile.

Eminye imizekelo yoyilo lwe-solar ye-solar luphahla olupholileyo, izithintelo ezikhulu, kunye nophahla oluhlaza. Uphahla olupholileyo lupeyintiwe mhlophe, kwaye lubonisa imitha yelanga endaweni yokufunxa. Umphezulu omhlophe unciphisa inani lobushushu esifikelela ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo, esinokunciphisa inani lamandla afunekayo ukupholisa isakhiwo.

Imiqobo ye-rairing isebenza ngokufanayo kuphahla olupholileyo. Banikezela ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezibonakalisa kakhulu, ezinjenge-aluminium foil. I-foil ibonakalisa, endaweni yokufumana, ubushushu, kwaye inokunciphisa iindleko zokupholisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 pesenti. Ukongeza eluphahleni kunye ne-Apple, izithintelo ze-radia zinokufakwa ngaphantsi komgangatho.

Uphahla oluhlaza luphahla olugubungele ngokupheleleyo ngezityalo. Bafuna umhlaba kunye nokunkcenkceshela ukuxhasa izityalo, kunye nomphathi wamanzi ongaphantsi. Uphahla oluhlaza alunciphisi kuphela ubungakanani bobushushu obufumeneyo okanye olahlekileyo, kodwa unikezela nezityalo. Ngephotosynthesis, izityalo ezikulophahla oluhlaza ekrwada i-carbon diokside kunye neoksijini yeoksijini. Bayicoca ukungcola ngaphandle kwamanzi emvula, kwaye baphume eminye yemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kweso sithuba.

Uphahla oluhlaza lube sisiko kwiScandinavia kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye kutsha nje ukuthandwa e-Australia, iNtshona Yurophu, eCanada, naseMelika. Umzekelo, i-Ford Mord imoto igubungele iimitha ezingama-42,000 (ezingama-450,000 zeenyawo) zophahla lwayo lweSityalo kwintsebenzo kwintsebenzo, eMichigan, nezityalo. Ukongeza ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, uphahla lunqumle amanzi esiphango ngokubaleka ngokufumana iisentimitha ezininzi.

Uphahla oluhlaza kunye nophahla olupholileyo lunokulwa ne "House Heb Head Bull Island". Kwizixeko ezixakekileyo, amaqondo obushushu anokuhlala ephakame ngaphezu kweendawo ezingqongileyo. Izinto ezininzi zinegalelo koku: Izixeko zakhiwe ngezinto ezinje nge-asphalt kunye nekhonkrithi ezifumana ubushushu; Izakhiwo ezide zibambe umoya kunye neziphumo zayo ezipholileyo; kwaye inani eliphezulu lobushushu benkunkuma luveliswa ngumzi-mveliso, trafill, kunye nabantu abaphezulu. Sebenzisa indawo ekhoyo eluphahleni ukuya kutyala imithi, okanye ukubonakalisa ubushushu obuphapha eluphahleni, unokuyinciphisa iqondo lobushushu lasekhaya enyuka kwiindawo ezisezidolophini.

Amandla elanga kunye nabantu

Kuba ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya kuphela malunga nesiqingatha sosuku kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, iitekhnoloji zamandla elanga kufuneka zibandakanye iindlela zokugcina amandla ngexesha lobumnyama.

Iinkqubo ezinzima ze-thermal zisebenzisa iparafini okanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zetyuwa zokugcina amandla ngendlela yobushushu. Iinkqubo zefotovoltaic zinokuthumela umbane ogqithisileyo kwigridi yamandla endawo, okanye ugcine amandla kwiibhetri ezinokuphinda zifumaneke.

Zininzi iindlela kwaye zisebenzise amandla okusebenzisa amandla elanga.

Izibonelelo
Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa amandla elanga kukuba sisixhobo esihlaziyiweyo. Siza kuba noncedo oluzinzileyo, olungenamda kwelanga kwenye iminyaka emihlanu. Kwiyure enye, umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ufumana ukukhanya kwelanga ukwahlula amandla ombane owenziwa ngombane wawo wonke umntu emhlabeni unyaka.

Amandla elanga acocekile. Emva kokuba izixhobo zetekhnoloji ye-solar zakhiwe kwaye zifakwe, amandla elanga akadingi ipetroli ukusebenza. Ayikwazi ukungakhupheli igesi okanye izixhobo eziyityhefu. Ukusebenzisa amandla elanga kunokunciphisa kakhulu impembelelo esinayo kwindalo.

Kukho iindawo apho amandla elanga asebenza khona. Amakhaya nezakhiwo kwiindawo ezinamaxabiso aphezulu okukhanya kwelanga kunye nendawo yelifu ephantsi banethuba lokuzibopha amandla amaninzi anelanga.

Abaphangi beSolar babonelela ngenye indlela yokupheka kunye nezitovu ezifudumeleyo - abantu abazizigidi ezibini zisaxhomekeka kuzo. Iinqanawa zelanga zibonelela ngendlela ecocekileyo nekhuselekileyo yokukhusela amanzi kunye nokupheka ukutya.

Amandla elanga ahambelana neminye imithombo yamandla ehlaziyiweyo, efana nomoya okanye i-hydroelectric.

Amakhaya okanye amashishini afake iiphaneli zesobane eziphumelelayo zinokuvelisa umbane ogqithisileyo. Aba banini bamakhaya okanye abanini bamasinesi banokuthengisa amandla babuyise umboneleli ngombane, ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa amatyala amandla.

Ukungancedi
Eyona nto inqatyisiweyo yokusebenzisa amandla elanga zizixhobo ezifunekayo. Isixhobo seTekhnoloji yeSolar siyabiza. Ukuthenga kunye nokufaka izixhobo kunokubiza amashumi amashumi amawaka eedola kumakhaya athile. Nangona urhulumente ehlala enikela irhafu encitshisiweyo ebantwini kwaye amashishini asebenzisa amandla elanga, kwaye itekhnoloji inokuphelisa amatyala ombane, iindleko zokuqala zithambise kakhulu.

Izixhobo zamandla elanga nazo zinzima. Ukuze baphinde babuye okanye bafake iiphaneli zesolar eluphahleni lwesakhiwo, uphahla kufuneka lube namandla, olukhulu, kunye nendlela yelanga.

Zombini itekhnoloji ye-WOL yelanga ixhomekeke kwizinto eziphuma kulawulo lwethu, ezinje ngemozulu kunye nelifu. Iindawo zasekhaya kufuneka zifundwe ukufumanisa ukuba amandla okanye hayi engololiwe kuya kuba yimpumelelo kuloo ndawo.

Ukukhanya kwelanga kufuneka kube nokuninzi kwaye kuyangqinelana namandla elanga ukuba kukhetho olufanelekileyo. Kwiindawo ezininzi emhlabeni, ukwahluka kwelanga kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuphumeza njengoko kuphela komthombo wamandla.